Poverty is the main cause of child labour in agriculture, together with limited access to quality education, inadequate agricultural technology and access to adult labour, high hazards and risks, and traditional attitudes towards children’s participation in agricultural activities [...]

Asset transfers usually consist of a large, one time transfers to poor families result in households starting or expanding household based economic activity with meaningful impacts on the consumption and health of family members (Edmonds and Theogarides, 2017). They may make direct asset transfers [...]

Programs related to business training and capital transfer may be targeted to facilitate income generation and diversification by promoting women’s economic activities and to foster gender empowerment by improving women’s aspirations, their participation in households’economic decisions, as [...]

Conditional cash transfers consist of a complementary income source and are subject to certain behaviors, such as visiting health facilities, immunizing children, and enrolling children in school (Ferro et al., 2010). The provision of assistance in the form of cash is provided to the poor or to [...]

The objective of laws on compulsory education is to raise educational levels in the economy. They may be targeted at a specific age threshold (14 years old and younger) and have a specific minimum number of years of study – for example, complete five years of primary school (Cornelissen et [...]

School feeding programs, including meals served in school and take-home rations conditional on school attendance, are a transfer tool to ensure food security among children (Dago et al., 2022). They may motivate parents to enrol their children and see that they attend school regularly. The [...]

Health insurance programs help to complement other insurance systems, such as extending coverage and claims assistance to clients that already had a mandatory insurance for loans previously taken at a microfinance institution (Landman and Frolich, 2018). They may prevent uninsured households facing [...]

In-kind transfers may have as their main objective the nutritional intake of poor families, especially children and mothers (Avitabile et al., 2019). The intervention may be conditional or unconditional on some expected behaviour (Jayawardana et al., 2019), and it may consist of school feeding and [...]

Infrastructure programs consist in providing the population with utilities such as water and sanitation and telecommunication services such as public payphones. Child labour is an indirect objective of this type of intervention. [...]

Children labour laws may contribute to regulating child labour conditions (Bargain et al., 2020). Minimum age regulations are designed to deter child involvement in paid employment as well as specific types of jobs, and work to change the distribution of job types by age (Edmonds and Shrestha, [...]

The formalization of land rights improves land tenure security, increases investment, allows for easier access to credit when land can be used as collateral, and facilitates the development of land markets. This new source of credit could be invested as capital in productive projects. Land property [...]

A microcredit program is a type of financial service that provides small loans to individuals who lack access to traditional credit services. These loans are typically given to entrepreneurs, small business owners, and low-income individuals who are looking to start or expand a small business. The [...]

Microfinance programs refer to the broad spectrum of financial services such as loans, insurance, savings etc. provided to the people of low-income groups, with microcredit being one subtype of microfinance. Microfinance programs seek to return enough profit to be self-financing poverty, while [...]

This category encompasses a diverse range of topics describing the multifaceted nature of education policy and its interaction with various social and economic factors. For example, birth order significantly shapes educational disparities within poor households, with firstborns benefiting more in [...]

New pension schemes may benefit disabled people and the elders (Oliveira et al., 2017), but they can also be paid to all elders (Chong and Yanes-Pagans, 2019). The increase in income through better social security protection reduces poverty and decreases vulnerability to negative economic shocks, [...]

Public health interventions may be a family health program targeting the prevention and provision of basic health through the use of professional health-care teams directly intervening at the community level (Rocha and Soares, 2010). Community-health programs may also have as objective to improve [...]

Public works programs are employed to provide temporary support to vulnerable households. They provide opportunities for the poor to work on labour-intensive projects. By requiring beneficiaries to work, and to do so at relatively low wages, these programs ensure that only those workers most in need [...]

The interventions on the subsection “skills development” aim to offer children and adolescents specific knowledge and skills that promote lifelong learning opportunities, such as financial education, entrepreneurship, and agricultural technologies. They may be targeted to reduce and [...]

Unconditional Cash Transfers (UCTs) refer to the provision of benefits without any obligation for recipients. They may have a few advantages of UCTs over conditional transfers. First, if structural issues such as racial or sectarian discrimination underpin the poorest group’s low school [...]

The interventions in the subsector Vouchers/Scholarships/School Subsidies are aimed at removing barriers that prevent marginalised students from participating in education. The intervention may provide cash transfers to cover-associated educational costs (such as books, school transportation and [...]